Tor Browser: How It Works and When to Use It
The Onion Router: Layers of Anonymity
Tor (The Onion Router) is a free, open-source browser designed for anonymous communication. It bounces your traffic through multiple volunteer-run relays around the world, wrapping each hop in a layer of encryption. No single relay knows both where you are and where you are going.
How Tor Routing Works
When you connect through Tor, your traffic passes through three relays:
Guard node: Knows your real IP, but not your destination. Middle relay: Knows neither your IP nor your destination. Exit node: Knows your destination, but not your real IP. Each layer of encryption is peeled off at each relay, like layers of an onion.
What Tor Hides
Tor hides your IP address from the websites you visit. It also prevents your ISP from seeing which sites you access (they can see you are using Tor, but not what you are doing on it). Check your normal IP exposure with our IP Checker to see what Tor would hide.
What Tor Does NOT Hide
Tor does not make you invincible. If you log into your personal Google account over Tor, Google still knows it is you. Browser fingerprinting can still identify you if you resize the Tor window or install extensions. Test your fingerprint vulnerability at our Fingerprint Test. The exit node can see unencrypted traffic, so always use HTTPS.
Tor vs VPN
VPNs are faster and protect all system traffic. Tor is slower but offers stronger anonymity because no single entity sees the full picture. VPNs require trusting the VPN provider. Tor requires trusting the protocol design. For maximum protection, some people use both: VPN first, then Tor.
When to Use Tor
Use Tor when anonymity is critical: whistleblowing, research in oppressive regimes, or accessing .onion services. Do not use Tor for daily browsing (too slow), streaming (it chokes on bandwidth), or anything involving personal accounts that identify you.
Staying Safe on Tor
Never install browser extensions. Never resize the browser window. Never open downloaded files while connected. Use the Tor Browser default settings. Verify your DNS is not leaking outside the Tor network with a DNS Leak Test after disconnecting.